2025, January 12: Earth and Mars Closest

January 12, 2025: Tonight, Earth and Mars are closest.  This is known as the closest approach, occurring three nights before opposition.

Mars
Photo Caption – Mars (NASA Photo)

by Jeffrey L. Hunt

Chicago, Illinois: Sunrise, 7:17 a.m. CST; Sunset, 4:42 p.m. CST.  Check local sources for sunrise and sunset times. Times are calculated by the US Naval Observatory’s MICA computer program.

Look for Mars

Earth and Mars are closest
Chart Caption – 2025, January 12: During the early evening, Mars is in the east-northeast below the star Pollux.

Mars shines brightly from the east-northeast after sundown.  It is the fourth brightest star in the sky tonight following brilliant Venus in the west-southwest, bright Jupiter to Mars upper right, and Sirius the night’s brightest star.

Earth and Mars Closest

Mars at opposition
Chart Caption – September 19, 2024-May 17, 2025: The orbits of Earth and Mars are displayed as opposition occurs January 15, 2025. As Earth overtakes Mars, the Red Planet appears to pass bright stars in Gemini and retrograde.

Tonight, Earth and Mars are closest, three nights before opposition when Earth passes between Mars and the sun.

Commonly known as Mars closest approach, the planet is nearly 60 million miles away.  Near opposition, the planet is near its farthest from the sun.

Mars’ orbit is out of round so that its solar distance varies.  In 2018, when Earth passed by, the Martian distance was about 36 million miles, over 25% closer than tonight’s distance. Such perihelic oppositions – when Mars is closest to the sun – occur every 15-17 years.

Now Mars approaches aphelion – the farthest from the sun. At the next opposition – an aphelic opposition – Mars is over three million miles farther away than tonight at the closest approach on February 19, 2027.

War of the Worlds book Cover
Photo Caption – War of the Worlds book Cover

Mars is an intriguing planet that first caught our attention with Percival Lowell’s perceive canals, War of the Worlds radio broadcast, and science fiction stories.  An armada of spacecraft have passed by, orbited, and landed on the planet.  Rovers investigate the planet’s expanses.

Mars from Hubble during 2018
Photo Caption – NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope photographed Mars on July 18, 2018, during a dust storm and near its closest approach to Earth since 2003. (NASA photo)

Mars through a telescope is somewhat disappointing.  It appears as a red-ochre globe.  Depending on the closest approach, polar caps can be visible as well as distinct, large features. The planet’s diameter is about half of Earth’s size.  At tonight’s distance, the planet is unremarkable through the telescopic eyepiece. Photographs reveal details that are not visible to the eye alone.

Views through a Telescope

Mars and Earth are closest
Chart Caption – 2025, January 12: A comparison of Mars tonight and in 2018 when it was closest to Earth through a telescopic eyepiece at 300x. Jupiter is added to show how it is viewed at the same telescopic power.

The accompanying chart compares the size of the planet at 300x telescopic magnification tonight to its size in 2018.  Jupiter’s view is added for comparison.

Jupiter
Image Caption – A Hubble Space Telescope view of Jupiter (NASA photo)

Even though Jupiter is nearly 7 times more distant than Mars and over 20 times larger, it is a spectacular view through the eyepiece.  The planet’s rapid rotation whips the clouds parallel to the equator.  A long-lived atmospheric disturbance, known as the Great Red Spot, appears and seems to move across the planet from the rotation.  The four largest and brightest moons shuttle around the planet.  Their changing places are easily observed during a few hours.

Tonight look for the four bright evening planets, starting with Venus and Saturn in the southwest, Jupiter in the east, and Mars in the east-northeast. Mars and Earth are closest tonight for this appearance of Mars.

This evening, Mars crosses the border between constellations Cancer and Gemini.

Tomorrow evening, the moon occults or eclipses Mars for sky watchers in the Americas.

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