2022, July 16: Mercury, Superior Conjunction, Milky Way Season

July 16, 2022: Mercury is at superior conjunction today.  Four bright planets shine before daybreak.  The Milky Way shines during summer evenings.

2022, July 16: Mercury is at superior conjunction, along a line from the planet through the sun and to Earth.
CHart Caption – 2022, July 16: Mercury is at superior conjunction, along a line from the planet through the sun and to Earth.

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by Jeffrey L. Hunt

Chicago, Illinois:  Sunrise, 5:30 a.m. CDT; Sunset, 8:23 p.m. CDT.  Check local sources for sunrise and sunset times for your location.

Mercury is at its superior conjunction.  It is in a line with Earth and the sun, with the sun in the middle.  From Earth, the sun’s glare makes observing the planet impossible under normal observing conditions.  The planet speeds into the evening sky, but has a poor showing next month.  It sets during brighter twilight.  Mercury’s other solar conjunction is known as inferior conjunction, when the speedy planet is between Earth and the sun.  Mercury then emerges into the morning sky.

Morning Sky

SUMMARY OF PLANETS IN 2022 MORNING SKY

The bright moon, 90% illuminated, is about one-third of the way up in the sky above the south-southwest horizon before daybreak, 7.7° to the left of Saturn.

2022, July 16: Through a binocular, the asteroid Vesta and the moon are in the same field of view.
Chart Caption – 2022, July 16: Through a binocular, the asteroid Vesta and the moon are in the same field of view.

Through a binocular, the asteroid 4 Vesta is in the upper left of the field of view when the moon is to the lower right.  The starfield contains dim unnamed stars, although they have catalog numbers.

NASA Dawn spacecraft obtained this image of the giant asteroid Vesta with its framing camera on July 9, 2011. Vesta is also considered a protoplanet because it is a large body that almost became a planet.
Photo Caption – The Dawn spacecraft obtained this image of the giant asteroid Vesta. Vesta is also considered a protoplanet because it is a large body that almost became a planet. (NASA Photo)

The asteroids are irregularly shaped masses made of rock and metal. These rocks revolve around the sun between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.  The region, known as the asteroid belt, is not full of orbital debris.  Several spacecraft have successfully passed through the belt without interaction with any materials. 

Vesta was the fourth asteroid observed, first sighted in 1807. It is irregularly-shaped and about 500 miles long, resembling a potato.  It is the second largest body in the asteroid belt after Ceres.

NASA’s Dawn spacecraft studied Vesta for over a year beginning in July 2011.  This asteroid is covered with impact craters and close-ups can be mistaken for the moon. These indicate many collisions with smaller bodies.

Saturn is retrograding in eastern Capricornus, near the star Deneb Algedi.  The planet is moving slowly, but its change against the starry background is evident.  It is 1.3° to the upper right of the star this morning and slowly passing it.

2022, July 16: Bright Jupiter and Mars are in the southeast during morning twilight.
Chart Caption – 2022, July 16: Bright Jupiter and Mars are in the southeast during morning twilight.

Farther eastward and high in the south-southeast is bright Jupiter.  It is slowly moving eastward in Cetus.  It begins to retrograde at month’s end.

Mars, marching eastward in Aries, is nearly 30° to the lower left of Jupiter.  The Red Planet is passing the constellation’s brightest star, Hamal – meaning “the full-grown lamb.” Their gap is nearly 12° as the bright stars are far from the ecliptic when the planets appear to move against the background stars.

2022, July 16: Brilliant Venus is stepping away from Taurus before daybreak.
Chart Caption – 2022, July 16: Brilliant Venus is stepping away from Taurus before daybreak.

The brightest planet and star in the sky this morning is Venus.  Now east of the Bull’s horns, the Morning Star is in the club of Orion for the next few mornings before stepping into Gemini.

Taurus is getting easier to see as it is higher in the sky each morning and noticeably higher each week.  The reddish star Aldebaran is joined by the Hyades star cluster to make the Bull’s head.  The Pleiades cluster is on the Bull’s back.

Mars is marching generally toward the Pleiades.  This morning, the Red Planet is over 20° to the right of the stellar bundle.  Mars passes the cluster in about a month.

Evening Sky

2022, July 16: The Milky Way is visible during summer moonless nights.
Chart Caption – 2022, July 16: The Milky Way is visible during summer moonless nights.

After sunset on moonless nights beginning now at mid-month and occurring each month through September when a bright moon is not present, the Milky Way – the rim of our galaxy arches eastward from the southern to the northern horizon line.  It leaves the southern horizon, between Scorpius and Sagittarius.  This region this thought to be the center of the galaxy and it is the direction where there is likely a galactic black hole that provides the gravity to hold the Milky Way together.  The band of light extends through the Summer Triangle consisting of the stars Vega, Altair, and Deneb.

To see the delicate band of light, a dark location – free from outdoor lighting – is necessary.  Scan the Milky Way with your unaided eyes and through a binocular.  Bunches of stars, whisps of gasses, and seemingly voids are visible.

Seeing the Milky Way becomes challenging every year as more and more streetlights, parking lot lights, and “security lights” are installed.  Much of the light is not directed downward, but horizontally and upward.

This composite image shows a global view of Earth at night, compiled from over 400 satellite images. (NASA photo)
Photo Caption – This composite image shows a global view of Earth at night, compiled from over 400 satellite images. (NASA photo)

The famous “Earth at Night” photo shows what our planet looks like during the nighttime hours.  Lights from major metropolitan areas are easily identified.  In North America, city lights outline Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario.  Cities that are along interstate highways act like a map of the roadways.  Some Earth regions are dark at night like the interior South America, northern North America, Africa, Australia, and Asia.  Note the highways that extend eastward from Moscow into the interior of Russia.  Unless we are trying to communicate our presence in space, this is wasted energy.  With the demands and costs of current energy shortages, wasted outdoor nighttime lighting must be part of the conversation.

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